,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;F Kd;G ele;j rk;gtk; xd;iw cq;fSf;Fr; nrhy;yyhk; vd epidf;fpNwd;. ,q;fpyhe;J gpujkuhf MFtjpw;F Kd;ghf tpd;];ld; ru;r;rpy; rhjhuz gpupl;b]; ^up];l;lhf nrd;id te;jpUe;jpUe;J mz;zh rhiyapy; Kd;G ,Ue;j muR tshf(ftu;nkz;l; vl;Nll;];) ml;kpuhypl;b fl;blj;jpy; xU miwapy; jq;fpUe;jhuhk;. mtUf;F mLj;j miwapy; gpupl;b]; ,e;jpahtpd; kpypl;up fu;dy; xUtu; jq;fp ,Ue;jhuhk;. mg;NghJ fu;dy; Nghdpy; yz;lDf;F rg;jk; Nghl;L Ngrpdhuhk;. mtu; Ngrpa rg;jk; Nfl;L tpd;];ld; ru;r;rpy; mtUila miwapid tpl;L ntspNa te;J mq;fpUe;j fhtyhspiaf; $g;gpl;L me;j miwapy; jq;fpUe;jtu; ahu; vdj; njupe;J nfhz;L fhtyhspaplk;> ‘ePq;fs; Ngha; cq;fs; fu;dyplk nrhy;Yq;fs; mtUld; NgRfpwtu; yz;ldpy; ,Uf;fpwhu;. mJ njupahJ fu;dy; Neuhf ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W rg;jk; NghLfpwhu; vd;W nrhd;dhuhk;. ,jid Vd; Fwpg;gpLfpNwndd;why;> Kd;G ,Ue;j njhiyNgrp mLj;jtu;f;F njhy;iy Ngrpahf ,Ue;jjhk;. Mdhy; ,d;iwa etPd tpQ;Qhd cyfj;jpy; njhiy Ngrpf;Nf Ntiyapy;yhJ ifNgrp te;J tpl;lJ. Mdhy; mNj njhiyNgrp ,sRfis rPuopf;Fk; ifNgrpahf khwptpl;lJ jhd; ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpw;F ngupa jiytypahf khwp cs;sJ.
nry;Nghd; te;jgpwF tau; ,izg;gpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,y;yhj epyik te;Jtpl;lJ. rhjhuz $yp Kjy; Nfhkhd; tiu rl;ilg; igapy; nfhz;L nry;Yk; mj;jpahrpa nghUshf khwptpl;lJ Mr;rupkpy;iyjhd;. nry;Nghdpd; Kf;fpa nray;ghLfis njupahjtu;fs; ,y;iy nad;Nw nrhy;yyhk;. ,Ue;jhYk; rpy Kf;fpa nray;ghLfis ,q;Nf nrhy;yyhk; vd epidf;fpd;Nwd;:
1) ml;u]; ifnaL 2) miog;gtu; gl;bay; 3) tPbNah gq;fpLjy; 4) glk; vLj;jy; 5) fhd;g;ud;]; elj;Jjy; 6) nkN][; mDg;Gjy; 7) vy;Nyh Ng[; vd;w tu;j;jf tpsk;guk; 8) b.tp 9) ,ir 10) nra;jp xspgug;G 11) nkhigy; Ngq;fpq;f; 12) jl;g ntg;g epiyawpjy; 13) ,d;lu;nel; 14) Nehl; Gj;jfk; 15) cyf kzp 16) cyf ehzak; 17) cyf Njjp 19) vOg;Gk; kzp 20) fhy;f;FNyl;lu; 21) GS ^j; 22) ,lq;fis vopjhf fz;L gpbf;Fk; [p.gp.v];> [p.gp.Mu;.v];
Nkw;$wpa cgNahfq;fs; rpytif jhd;. ,d;Dk; mjd; gad;ghLfs; cyfk; tprhykhdJ vd;gjpid khw;wp cyfk; iff;Fs; mlq;fpUf;fpwJ vd;W nrhy;Ykstpw;F gaDs;sjhf mike;Js;sJ.
1964 Mk; Mz;L kd;dhu; tisFlhtpy; Gay; Vw;gl;L ghk;gd; ghyj;jpy; nrd;w uhNk];tuk; uapy; mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;L Ehw;Wf;fzf;fhNdhu; ,we;jdu;. jD\;Nfhb jPT Kw;wpYkhf uhNk];tuj;Jldhd njhlu;G Jz;bf;fgl;lJ. mg;NghJ me;j jPtpy; ,Ue;j ngUk;ghNyhu; ,we;J tpl;ldu;. me;j rk;gtj;jpid me;j jPtpypUe;j nlyf;fpuhg; Mg;gNul;lu; Nkhu;]; njhlu;G %yk; nrd;idf;F jfty; mDg;gpdhu;. mjid itj;Jjhd; clNd kPl;G eltbf;if vLf;fTk; Kbe;jJ. me;j rk;gtk; ehd; gp.A.rp khztdhf ,Ue;jNghJ ele;jJ. Mdhy; njhiy njhlu;gpy; Vw;gl;l Nrl;iyl; tsu;r;rp mghukhdJ vd;gjpid ,uz;L rk;gtq;fs; %yk; tpsf;fyhk; vd epidf;fpd;Nwd;. xd;W rpyp ehl;by; cs;s epyf;fup Ruq;fj;jpy; 2000 mbf;Ff; fPNo Ntiy ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j 33 njhopyhsu;fs; tpgj;J Vw;gl;L rpf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;fs;. mtu;fs; capUld; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gjpid xU JisNghl;L mjpy; xU nry;Nghd; nrYj;jp njupe;J nfhz;lNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; mtu;fs; capUld; ,uz;L khjq;fSf;F gpwF kPl;Fk; tiu tPbNah fhd;g;ud;]pYk; jq;fs; FLk;gj;jhUld; Ngrp kfpo;e;jJ midtUk; ghu;j;jpUg;ghu;fs;.
2) mNj Nghd;W tpz;ntspapy; gazk; nra;j fy;gzh rt;yh Nghd;w tPuu;fs; jq;fs; rhjid Kbe;J thA kz;lyj;jpid njhLk; tiu jiuf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; Ngrpf; nfhz;L te;jJ midtUk ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;. mjd; gpd;G jhd; mtu;fs; tpgj;jpy; kupj;jhu;fs;.
MfNt njhiy njhlu;G tsu;r;rp gupzhkkhdJ vd;gjpid vy;NyhUk; mwptu;.
,e;jpa ehL nghUshjhuj;jpy; 8.9 rjtPj tsu;r;rpaile;J tsUk; ehL vd;w epiyapypUe;J mnkupf;fh [dhjpgjp ghuf; xghkh rkPgj;jpy; ,e;jpa ehl;Lf;F tUif je;jNghJ nrhy;ypaJ Nghy tsu;e;j ehlhf jpfo;fpwJ. Kd;ngy;yhk; fk;gQ; NrhWk;> Nfg;igf;fspAk;> FUidf; fQ;rpAlDk; gr;ir kpsfha;> ntq;fhaj;jpid fbj;Jf; nfhz;L rhg;gpl;l fhyk; Ngha; ,d;W tapwhu rj;Js;s czT rhg;gpLk; juj;jpw;F cau;e;Js;Nshk;. fuLfspYk;> Ks; nrbfspYk; ntWq;fhYld; gs;spf;Fr; nrd;w ehk; ,d;W tpjtpjkhf nrUg;Gfs;>]_f;fs; mDe;J muNr ,ytrkhf irf;fpspy; gs;spf;F nrd;W ,ytrkhf gs;spg; gbg;gpid Kbf;f cjTk; fhykhf ,Uf;fpwJ. cyfpy; nry;tj;jpy; kpspUk; ehlhf ,e;jpah khwp tUfpwJ vd;why; kWf;f KbahJ.
gzk; vq;Nf ,Uf;fpd;wNjh mq;Nf kfo;r;rp jhz;ltkhLk;. Mdhy; me;j kfpo;r;rpNa FLk;gj;jpd; vjpupahfptpLk; vd;gJ fpuhkj;Jg; gonkhop. jq;fs; Mz;> ngz; Foe;ijfs; rpukk; ghuhJ tsu ngw;Nwhu; ntapy;> kionad;W Nahrpf;fhJ ciof;fpd;wdu;. gps;isfs; gbg;gpw;fhf fk;g;A+l;lu;> nry;Nghd>; Nkhl;lhu; irf;fps;>];$l;lu; vd;W thq;fpf; nfhLf;fpd;wdu;. rpyu; jd; nry;y rpW gps;isfSf;Fk; nry;Nghd; tpisahl;L nghk;ik Nghy thq;fpf; nfhLf;fpd;wdu;. tPl;bNy ,d;lu;nel; trjpAk; nra;J nfhLf;fpd;wdu;. mjd; tpisT jhd; tpy;yq;fk; tPl;bw;Nf te;j fijahfpwJ. vl;L taJ Kjy; 18 tajpw;Fl;gl;l rpWtu;> rpWkpau; fk;g;A+l;lupy; Mu;Fl;> btpl;lu;> Ng];Gf; vd;w tiy jsq;fSf;F jq;F jilapd;wp nrd;W gy;NtW ghy; tpj;jpahkpy;yhj GJ ez;gu;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. me;j ,d;lu;nel;by; Mghr ,iza jsk;> ‘ghg; mg;’ njupAk; gb nra;J ,s kdjpid nfLf;fpwhu;fs;. mJ Nghd;W nry;Nghdpy; fhjy; Ngr;Rfs;> jdpikapy; Kj;jkpLjy;> Vd; ghypay; njhlu;Gfisf; $l fk;g;A+l;lupYk;> nry;NghdpYk; gupkhw;wk; nra;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ngw;NwhUk;> muRk; jukhd gs;sp> fy;Yhup gbg;gpid khztu;fSf;F nfhLf;f Mirg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; khztu;fspy; rpyu; gLFop vd;W njupe;Jk; mjpy; tpOk; nra;jpfis ehk; gbf;fpd;Nwhk;. md;whl tho;f;ifapYk; Nfs;tpg;gLfpNwhk;. gy;NtW nra;jpfs; ,Ue;jhYk; ,uz;L cjhuzq;fis kl;Lk; nrhy;yhk; vd epidf;fpd;Nwd;. Nfhit khtl;lj;jpy; xd;gjhtJ gbf;Fk; %d;W khztpfs; gs;spapypUe;J xU tUlj;jpw;F Kd;G fhztpy;iy. mtu;fs; fhzhjJ rk;ge;jkhf fhty; Jiwf;Fk; jfty; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. rkPgj;jpy; me;j %d;W khztpfSk; ngq;f@upy; ,Ug;gjhf mwpe;J mtu;fis nrd;W ghu;f;Fk; NghJ mtu;fs; %tupy; xUtu; jpUkzkhfp MW khj Foe;ijAld; ,Ug;gJk;> kw;Wk; ,Utu; ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; tPl;L Ntiy nra;tjhfTk; njupe;jJ. jd; Njhopapd; fhjYf;fhf kw;w ,uz;L khztpfSk; jq;fs; gbg;gpid ghobj;J> ghYl;b jhshl;ba ngw;Nwhiu kwe;J tPl;L Ntiyfspy; <Lgl;bUe;jhu;fs; vd;why; ve;jstpw;F fhjy; fz;iz kiwj;Jtpl;lJ vd;gjpidg; ghUq;fNsd;.
2) jQ;rhT+u; khtl;lj;jpidr; rhu;e;j ,uz;L khztu;fspy; xU khztu; f];Jhup vd;w gs;sp khztpapid xU jiy gl;rkhf fhjypj;jhuhk;. mtUf;F mtUila ez;gu; cjtp nra;jhuhk;. Mdhy; me;j gs;sp khztp mjid ntWj;jhuhk;. mtu;fspd; Kiwapy;yh nraypid Cu; ngupatu; Rthkpehjd; jl;bf; Nfl;lhuhk.;. me;j gs;sp khztpapidAk>; me;j Cu; ngupatiuAk; gyp thq;f me;j ,uz;L khztu;fSk; ,uz;L nry;Nghd; rhu;[u;fs; thq;fp mjpy; nll;lNdl;lu;fisg; nghWj;jp khztp kw;Wk; Cu; ngupatu; tPLfspd; Kd;ghf ,uT tPrp tpl;lhu;fshk;. fhiyapy; mjid mwpahj me;j khztpAk>; me;j Cu; ngupatUk; mtu;fs; tPl;L Kd;G fple;j rhu;[iu vLj;J nry;Nghdpy; fndf;\d; nfhLj;J gpsf;fpy; khl;Lk;NghJ mitfs; ntbj;J mtu;fs; ,UtUf;Fk; Kfj;jpy; fhak; Vw;gl;L M];gj;jpupapy; rpfpr;ir ngWtjhf rkPgj;jpa gj;jpupf;if nra;jpahFk;.
,sRfis nfLg;gjpy; %y fhuzkhf cs;sJ. b.tp. mLj;jJ rpdpkh. b.tp.apy; [hf;ghl;by; [l;[hf tUk; ebif KJF njupAk; mstpw;F cil mzpe;J tUtJk;> Mly; ghly; epfo;r;rpfSf;F [l;[hf tUk; ebiffs; ghj;&k; cilNah vd;W vz;Zk; mstpw;F miuFiu Mil cLj;jp tUtJk;> gs;spg;gUtj;jpNyNa fhjy; nra;tJ Nghd;w rpdpkh ghu;g;gJk;> ‘fy;ahzNk fl;bf;fpy;yhky; Xbg;Nghfyhkh’ vd;gJ Nghd;w rpdpkh ghl;Lf;fis Nfl;gJk; ,sRfspd; ghypay; czu;Tfis Jhz;Lk; epfo;r;rpahf cs;sJ. vd;why; ahUk; kWf;f KbahJ. mJTk; trjpAs;s gps;isfs; cz;Zk; rj;Js;s czT mtu;fspd; clypy; xU tpjkhd urhaz fyit Vw;gl;L fpsu;r;rpapidj; Jhz;l %y fhuzkhfTk; cs;sJ. mJNt mtu;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fNs ,y;yhky; jq;fSila tho;f;ifapid Nju;e;njLj;J jq;fs; jiyapy; jhq;fNs kz;iz ms;spg;Nghl;Lf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. fpuhkj;jpy; xU gonkhop> ‘Ky;iyr; nrbf;F fs;spr; nrb’ vd;W njuptjpy;iy vd;W. Ky;iyr; nrb Nghd;w ,sk; tajpdu; mwpahj gUtj;jpNy jq;fs; fs;spr; nrb vd;w fhjy; Nky; ehl;lk; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. mjw;F cjtpahf nry;NghDk;> ,d;lu;nel;Lk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
Mdhy; mitfspd; thrid ,y;yhj khztu;fs; jq;fs; tho;f;ifapy; rhjid gilf;fpwhu;fs; vd;W rpy cjhuzq;fis $w Mirg;gLfpNwd;:
1) nrd;w gps]; 2 guPl;irapy; Kjy; Nuq;f; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; Nuq;f; thq;fpa Jhj;Jf;Fbapidr; rhu;e;j ghz;bad;> ehkf;fy;iyr; rhu;e;j re;jpah> uh[ghisaj;jpidr; rhu;e;j gpuf;\dh MfpNahu; b.tp ghu;g;gjpy;iyahk;.
2) NgRgtu;fspd; cjL mirTpid itj;J Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; nfhz;l jpUty;ypf;Nfdpapidr; rhu;ej fhu; biutu; kfs; ghj;jpkh gps]; 2 Nju;tpy; fhJ Nfshjtu; gs;spapy; Kjyplk; ngw;Ws;shu;. mtu; b.tp. ghu;g;gjpy;iy.
3) fd;dpahFkup khtl;lk; utpGJhu;filapidr; rhu;e;j nrd;id v];.v];.vd; ,d;[pdPupaq; fy;Yhup khztp kh\h kiyf;f itf;Fkstpw;F rhjid gilj;J vl;L Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;gpw;F %yfu;j;jhthfp [dhjpgjpaplk; rhd;wpjo; thq;fpAs;shu.; mtu; b.tp. ghu;g;gjpy;iyahk;.
nry;Nghd;fs; jpUkzkhfhj rpWtu;> rpWkpfspd; kdjpidf; nfhLf;Fk; rhjdkhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W mwpe;J cj;jpu gpuNjr khepyj;jpy; cs;s yhq; vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; Cu; gQ;rhaj;Jf; $b jpUkzkhfhj ,sk; ngz;fs; nry;Nghd; cgNahfpf;f jil tpjpj;jpUf;fpwJ vd;why; ghUq;fNsd; ve;jstpw;F me;j fpuhkj;jpy; nry;Nghd;fs; tsUk; ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifapid rPuopj;jpUf;Fnkd;W.
nry;Nghd;> ,d;lu;nel; J\; gpuNahfq;fis jLf;f rpy Nahridfs;:
1) gs;sp khzt> khztpaUf;F fz;bg;ghf nry;Nghd; toq;ff; $lhJ. mg;gb toq;FTjhf ,Ue;jhy; mtru miog;GfSf;F kl;LNk mjid cgNahfpf;Fk; mstpw;F Nrit thq;f Ntz;Lk;.
2) fy;Yhup khztpau;> khztu;fSf;F Ngh];l; nga;L nry;Nghd; Nrit toq;fyhk;. mitfspd; fhy; rhu;[;> v];.vk;.v]; rhu;[; ml;ltiz gpy;Yld; Nru;e;J tUkhW nra;J ngw;Nwhu; mjid fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk;. %d;W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dhs; ,Ue;j mz;zh Adptu;rpl;b Jiz Nte;ju; tp];tehjd; mtu;fs; Adptu;rpl;b tshfj;jpy; nry;Nghd; gad;gLj;j jil tpjpj;jpUe;jhu;. Kjypy; vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jtu;fs; $l gpd;G mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mwpe;J mtUila cj;jputpid gpd; gw;wp gy fy;Yhupfs; jilAk; tpjpj;jd. MfNt ngw;Nwhu;fs; gps;isfs; nry;Nghd; Ngr;Rf;fis fz;fhzpg;gjpid Kjypy; vjpu;f;fj;jhd; nra;thu;fs;. mjw;fhf gps;isfis gLFOpapy; tpo mDkjpf;fyhkh? ngw;Nwhu;fs; kde;jsuhJ. vJ jd; gps;isf;F cfe;jJ vd;gjpid mtu;fs; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3) ,d;lu;nel;by; vd;d nra;jpfis gps;isfs; gupkhwpf; nfhs;fpwhu;fs; vd;gjpid gbj;j ngw;Nwhu; fk;g;A+l;lupid lTz;NyhL nra;jhy; fz;L gpbf;fyhk;. ,d;Dk; ngw;NwhUf;F njupahky; tUk; nkapy;fis gps;isfs; ePf;fpdhy; mg;gb ePf;fg;gl;l gFjp bNu]; gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk;. mjid ,af;fp njupe;J nfhs;syhk;.
4) jq;fs; kfd;> kfs;fis gbg;gjpw;fhf tpLjpapy; tpLk;NghJ mtu;fis jz;zPu; njspj;J tplhJ mtu;fs; ,Uf;Fk; tpLjpfSf;F nrd;W mtu;fspd; Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fsplk; gps;isfs; elj;ijapid Nfl;L njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
5) nry;Nghdpy; tUk; njupahj kp];L fhy;fSf;F epr;rakhf gjpy; nrhy;yf;$lhJ. mJTk; ngz;fs; fz;bg;ghf gjpy; nrhy;yf;$lhJ.
6) Mz; Jiz ,y;yhj ngz;fSf;F vkd;Nghy rpyu; te;J mtu;fsplk; gof;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jp mtu;fs; capUf;Fk;> fw;Gf;Fk; ciy itg;ghu;fs;. cjhuzj;jpw;F Ms; Jizapy;yhj ,uhkehjGuk; Nfdpf;iuapidr;rhu;e;j kNyrpahtpypUe;J te;j Mjpyh Ngfk; vd;w ngz; xUj;jp rikay; Nf]; rpypz;lu; thq;Ftjpw;fhf xU MZila Jizapid ehb mJNt vkdhf Kbe;J me;j egu; jd; $l;lhspfSld; Nru;e;J mtisAk> mtSila mofhd Mz; xd;W ngz;ndhd;W Foeijfisf; flj;jp thbg;gl;b mUNf nfhiyAk; nra;J tpl;l etk;gu; khjr; nra;jp neQ;ir cUf;Ftjhf ,Ue;jJ.
7) jpUkzj;jpw;F epr;rak; itj;J gpd; jpUkzk; elf;f rpy ehl;fs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ MZk; ngz;Zk; jq;fSila nry;NghdpNyh my;yJ ,z;lu;nel;bNyh jdpikapid glkhfNth my;yJ tPbNahthfNth vLf;f mDkjpf;ff; $lhJ. mJ Nghd;W xU epfo;r;rpapy; kzg;ngz; jd;Dila; epu;thdkhd glj;jpid epr;rapf;fg; gl;l khg;gps;is jhNd vd;W mDg;gpa Nghl;Nlh gpw;fhyj;jpy; jpUkzk; ghjpapy; Kwpe;J tpl;lNghJ me;j Nghl;Nlhit itj;Nj khg;gps;is tPl;lhu; me;jg; ngz;iz Nftykhf NgrpaJk; rkPgj;jpa nra;jpahf te;jJ. MfNt MZk; ngz;Zk; fhjy; fj;jupf;fha; vd;W Ntw;W MZld; Rw;Wk; NghJ Nru;e;J neUf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk; Nghl;Nlh> tPbNah vLf;f mDkjpf;ff; $lhJ.
ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd rjp vd;w cld;fl;il VWjy;> ngz; rpRtpidf; nfhy;Yjy;> tujl;riz nfhLik> ngz;fs; td;nfhLik Nghd;witfis xopf;f rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. MfNt me;j ngz;fs; tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpf;F rhjdq;fshd nry;Nghd;> ,d;lu;nel; Nghd;w itfshy; rPuoptjpid ngw;NwhUk;> cw;whUk;> cld; gpwe;NjhUk; xU NghJk; mDkjpf;ff; $lhJ.
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